Communication and Navigation Capabilities in High Latitudes

The communications infrastructure of the polar regions provides a special challenge for vessels. While there are multiple methods for communication in the central regions of the earth, there are numerous difficulties in the Arctic and Antarctic. These issues can affect both communication and navigation. Available options for communication include very high frequency (VHF) communications, satellite communications, and high frequency (HF) communications.

The problems presented with VHF and HF communications are related to atmospheric and solar conditions. There is very little VHF coverage due to the way that VHF signals are relayed. VHF signals are relayed in a line-of-sight path, whereas HF signals travel at an angle to the ionosphere and back, allowing them to travel the curvature of the earth. During a solar flare or other solar activity, both of these types of signals can be affected.

Satellites intended for communication do not fully cover the polar regions. This is due to the fact that they operate in a geostationary position in Earth's orbit. When a connection can be made, they are often vulnerable to interruption caused by icing or heavy seas.

In Chapter 3 of the PWOM, these potential restrictions must be addressed and mitigated where able.

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