Engineering Improvements

Ergonomic solutions include any changes made to improve the "fit" between the job and the capabilities of the worker performing it. Ergonomic solutions are typically grouped into three categories: engineering improvements, administrative improvements, and personal protective equipment.

Engineering improvements include rearranging, modifying, redesigning, or replacing tools, equipment, workstations, parts, or products. Engineering improvements are often the most effective because they can reduce or eliminate the underlying risk, but they can be costly to implement. The best time to make engineering improvements is when new facilities, work processes, or work procedures are being planned.

Workstations

Workstations should be designed to fit the smallest and largest workers. Raising or lowering work surfaces can reduce bending, reaching, and awkward postures. Workers' hands should be at about elbow-height. The reach distance for seated work is 15 inches from the employee. For standing work, the reach distance is 14 inches for two-handed tasks and 18 inches for one-handed tasks.

Specific examples of workstation engineering improvements include the following:

• Adjustable seating and workstations
• Footrests
• Arm supports
• Good lighting
• Padding to reduce contact stress
• Anti-fatigue mats

Movement of Materials

According to the U.S. Department of Labor, handling is defined as "seizing, holding, grasping, turning, or otherwise working with the hand or hands." Following good materials handling procedures reduces ergonomic risk factors and overexertion.

Providing tools and equipment to assist in the movement of materials can greatly reduce ergonomic risk. This can be done with mechanical aids. Mechanical aids reduce the force, repetition, and awkward postures involved in lifting, transporting, and handling tasks. Some examples of mechanical aids include the following:

• Vacuum-assist devices
• Mobile scissor lifts
• Automatic feed systems
• Cranes
• Hoists
• Manipulators
• Adjustable carts and carriers
• Conveyors
• Winches
• Lift tables
• Motorized hand trucks
• Chutes
• Pallet jacks
• Two-wheeled hand carts

Storage and Retrieval of Materials

Providing adequate and well-lit storage with easy access for employees reduces repetitive reaching, bending, twisting, and forceful exertion. This may include positioning frequently used items at close reach or providing mechanical assistance to retrieve and deliver products.

Tools

Well-designed tools and proper maintenance can help reduce contact pressure, awkward postures, and forceful exertion. The following factors should be considered:

• Size - the tool should weigh less than 5 pounds and fit the contour of the hand. It should be capable of being used in either hand and allow for two-handed operation.
• Handles - they should be rounded, soft, and padded to reduce contact stress; they should be sized to allow for a power grip; and high-friction surfaces should be added to improve grip.
• Vibration reduction - for power tools, there should be vibration-dampening wraps on handles, the operator should be properly fitted for gloves, and the tool should have altering speed controls.

The best tool to use is the one that fits the job, fits your hand, fits the workspace, reduces the force necessary to perform the work, and is safe to use.

To learn more about Labor & Industry Ergonomics visit our Labor & Industry Ergonomics Online Training web page.