Laser-Generated Airborne Contaminants

There is growing concern about laser-generated airborne contaminants (LGAC) that may occur when lasers impact a surface and change or vaporize the material on the surface. The production of nanoparticles from laser interactions has been reported in the occupational safety literature. The term "nanoparticle" generally refers to particles less than 100 nanometers in size.

The type of contaminant varies, depending upon the target material, cover gas, and beam irradiance. The target material may be responsible for releasing chemicals that are carcinogenic, toxic, or noxious. These contaminants can include gaseous toxic compounds, bio-aerosols, dead and live cellular material, and viruses.

In orthopedics, dentistry, plastic surgery, and other fields, it is also possible to generate particulates and metal fumes. At certain concentrations, some of the LGAC may cause ocular and upper respiratory tract irritation, have unpleasant odors, create visual problems for the user, and have been shown to have mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. It has been shown that laser smoke production is a function of increased irradiance levels. Laser surgical procedures requiring high irradiance levels are more likely to produce LGAC.

Because LGAC can contain blood, blood by-products, and pathogens, laser users need to be aware of the possible exposure to these products during laser procedures. The potentially hazardous area for LGAC may often exceed the NHZ.

Gas

The compressed gases that are often used as laser medium materials may be dangerous if there is a breach of the material container. The compression may cause an explosion or propel the tank forcefully if it is damaged. Another hazard can occur from release of the medium into the normal room air. The gas may displace the breathable air in the room, creating the danger of asphyxia for nearby workers.

Dyes and Solvents

Laser dyes are complex fluorescent organic compounds that, when in solution with certain solvents, form a lasing medium for dye lasers. Certain dyes are highly toxic or carcinogenic. The Laser Safety Officer must ensure that all individuals who work with laser dyes and solvents receive appropriate training on hazardous material handling, storage, and disposal.

To learn more about LSO visit our Medical Laser Safety Officer Online Training web page.